NCERT India: People and Economy — Class 12 (Code: 12099)
Overview & Publication Details
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Title: India: People and Economy
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Subject Code: 12099
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Publisher: NCERT (National Council of Educational Research and Training)
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Format: Paperback and freely available PDF version
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Edition: Latest edition, aligned with the 2025–26 CBSE/NCERT curriculum
Chapter Structure & Content Outline
As the second part of the Class 12 Geography textbook series, India: People and Economy covers the following chapters and themes:
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Unit I
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Population: Distribution, Density, Growth and Composition
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Migration: Types, Causes and Consequences
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Human Development
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Unit II
4. Human Settlements -
Unit III
5. Land Resources and Agriculture
6. Water Resources
7. Mineral and Energy Resources
8. Manufacturing Industries
9. Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context -
Unit IV
10. Transport and Communication
11. International Trade -
Unit V
12. Geographical Perspectives on Selected Issues and Problems.
Educational Significance & Structure
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Curriculum Relevance: This textbook forms a core component of the CBSE Class 12 Geography syllabus, providing a geographical lens to India’s economic and demographic realities.
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Pedagogical Design: It combines conceptual narratives with case studies, maps, diagrams, and a glossary. End-of-chapter questions and review prompts aid examination preparation and concept consolidation.
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Use Case: Ideal for Class 12 Geography students, supplementary for competitive exam preparation (e.g., UPSC prelims, CUET geography), and helpful for understanding India’s economic geography.
Latest Edition

