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Full Marks CBSE Economics Part I (Introductory Macro Economics) For Class 12 - Latest for 2024-25 Session
Full Marks CBSE Economics Part I (Introductory Macro Economics) For Class 12 - Latest for 2024-25 Session
Full Marks
Stock: In Stock
SKU: FMEconomicsPartA-12
Categories: All, CBSE, CBSE Class 12,
Tag: CBSEClass12
Economics: Part A - Introductory Macroeconomics, covering the key concepts, topics, and important themes.
1. National Income - Importance: Indicator of economic performance, comparison over time and with other economies.
Concept and Importance - Definition of National Income: Total value of goods and services produced in a country during a specific period.
Methods of Calculating National Income
Production Method: Sum of value added at each stage of production.
Income Method: Sum of all incomes earned (wages, rent, interest, profit).
Expenditure Method: Sum of all expenditures (C + I + G + (X - M)):
C = Consumption expenditure
I = Investment expenditure
G = Government expenditure
X = Exports
M = Imports
Net National Product (NNP): GNP minus depreciation.
Gross Domestic Product (GDP): Total value of goods and services produced within a country.
Net Domestic Product (NDP): GDP minus depreciation.
Concepts Related to National Income - Gross National Product (GNP): Total value of goods and services produced by residents.
2. Money and Banking
Functions of Money - Medium of exchange, unit of account, store of value, and standard of deferred payment.
Types of Money - Commodity Money, Fiat Money, Bank Money. Concept of Money Creation: How banks create money through the credit creation process.
Commercial Banks - Functions: Accepting deposits, providing loans, creating credit, and offering payment services.
Central Bank - Functions of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI): Issuing currency, maintaining monetary stability, regulating banks, and managing foreign exchange.
3. Determination of Income and Employment
Relationship between AD and AS in determining equilibrium income and employment levels.
Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply - Components of Aggregate Demand (AD) and Aggregate Supply (AS). Multiplier effect: The concept that an initial change in spending can lead to a larger change in national income.
Keynesian Theory of Income Determination - Importance of effective demand in determining output and employment levels.
Equilibrium Level of Income - Determination of equilibrium through the interaction of AD and AS.
4. Inflation
Types: Demand-pull inflation, cost-push inflation, and built-in inflation.
Concept and Types of Inflation - Definition: Sustained increase in the general price level.
Effects: Redistribution of income, uncertainty, impact on savings and investment.
Causes and Effects of Inflation - Causes: Excess demand, rising costs, inflationary expectations.
Measures to Control Inflation - Monetary policy (raising interest rates), fiscal policy (reducing government expenditure), and supply-side policies.
5. Government Budget and the Economy
Components: Revenue account (revenue receipts and revenue expenditure) and capital account (capital receipts and capital expenditure).
Government Budget - Definition: Annual statement of the government’s estimated receipts and expenditures.
Types of Budget - Surplus budget, deficit budget, balanced budget.
Importance of the Budget - Planning, allocation of resources, and economic stability.
6. Balance of Payments
Definition and Components - Definition: A systematic record of all economic transactions between residents of a country and the rest of the world. Components: Current account (trade in goods and services, income, current transfers) and capital account (capital transfers, foreign direct investment, portfolio investment).
Adjustment mechanisms: Exchange rate adjustments, trade policies, and capital flows.
Importance and Adjustment - Importance: Indicator of a country’s economic health and international competitiveness.
Study Tips
Conceptual Understanding: Focus on understanding the concepts rather than memorizing.
Use Diagrams: For concepts like AD-AS, inflation, and the multiplier effect, diagrams can help visualize relationships.
Solve Numerical Problems: Practice calculations related to national income and other quantitative aspects.
Review Past Papers: Familiarize yourself with the exam format and types of questions asked
Latest for 2024-25 Session
